The native Indians and their philosophy

From the archeological evidence, it may be accepted that it was 500,000 to 300,000 years ago when the first human beings appeared near the Soan River¹ by modern Rwalpindi² between two ice ages. Then in the post-neolithic age³, the inhabitants of Mehergarh⁴ learned the art of cultivating land and domesticating animals. At the next the people of Kot Diji⁵ learned the art of weaving and producing pottery. They also discovered the use of copper and bronze wares. The earliest sign of urbanization was found at Rahman Dehri⁶ near Dera Ismail Khan⁷. Then we found the Indus valley civilization⁸ where we observed the progress of ancient town planning. Then the Aryans⁸ came from central Asia⁹ who mixed them up with the most prominent of natives Dravidian¹⁰ and developed the Hindu religion¹¹. Then between the Vedic and Epic eras¹², the caste system¹³ was introduced. Then came the Jainism¹⁴ and Buddhism¹⁵ and Sanskrit¹⁶ became the language of common people. Though Jainism and Buddhism both challenged the caste system but their beliefs in human rebirth¹⁷ and transmigration of souls¹⁸ ruined them in fine.

Then the great invasion of Alexander the Great¹⁹ was happened and his successor Seleucus²⁰ was defeated by Chandra Gupta Maurya²¹ who was a Jain, established his great kingdom over all the north India and Afghanistan. The famous king Ashoka²² who was a Buddhist was his grandson.

After the fall of Maurya²³ the Kushan kingdom²⁴ was established and spread from north India to Afghanistan. Their famous king Kanishka²⁵ was a patron of art and a propagator of Buddhism.

The period of Gupta Empire²⁶ saw the rise of Hindu culture. In spite of the handicap of the Hindu pandits, Sanskrit experienced a revival in the hands of its greatest poet Kalidasa²⁷ due to its height in the field of drama.

The era of Harshavardhana²⁸ was the last Hindu kingdom of the classical age. It was almost succeeded by Rajput²⁹ and engaged to resisted Muslim conquerors.