Setara bibi under the lamp post - Literature - observerbd.com : The glittering city aroundLife is rich with red, blue light of neonWide sky over the headPieces of moonlight, scatteredAnd in that splashed pieces of meteorThose are taken by the scientists of NASASo height the civilization reachesThis city is the flow of happiness nowSome men like us pass the wayWith frustration
The
invasion of Muslims in India was interrupted by the Gujara Pratihara1
and was restricted by the Battles of Rajsthan2 in
the 738 CE. Since then the Muslims remained in the west side of the Indus River
till 1191 AD when Sultan Muhammad Ghori3 of Ghor province of
Afghanistan proceeded to Tarain4 in present
Haryana. Two armies met at the first Battle of Tarain5 and
Muhammad Ghori was defeated. Muhammad Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak6
as his commander and in 1192 again proceeded to Tarain. In this second Battle
of Tarain Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan7 and
killed. Muhammad Ghori kept Qutb-ud-din Aibak as his representative and
returned to Ghazni.
In
1202 Muhammad Ghori became the Sultane of Ghurid dynasty8. But his
early death by assassination in 1206 cut short his life. After the death of the
Master, Qutb-ud-din Aibak declared his freedom in Delhi and founded the reign
of the first sultanate or the Mamluk dynasty9 or the
slave dynasty.
In 1210 Qutb-ud-din Aibak died in
Lahore while playing polo. Though he reigned for a short while but he played
the vital role for setting the foundation of Muslim rule in India. The Mamluk
dynasty came to an end in 1290.
The second Sultanate of Delhi was
established by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji10 in 1290. The famous
ruler of Khilji Dynasty11 was Ala-ud din Khilji12
who reigned a longer period from 1296-1320. Khusro Khan13
ended the Khilji dynasty in 1320.
The third sultanate was Tughlaq
Sultanate14 which was established by Ghiyathal-Din Tughluq15
in 1291. Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq16 was
the greatest ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty who reigned from 1351-1388. In 1394
the Tughlaq Sultanate split under two Sultans; one in the east at Firozabad17
and the other in the west at Delhi. In
1398 the Sultane of Delhi sultanate was defeated by Timur. The Sultane of
Firozabad reigned till 1413 but he ended the Tughlaq Dynasty.
The fourth Sultanate of Delhi was Syyid
dynasty18 which spread over the period of 1414 to 1451. It
was established by Khizr Khan19, deputised by Amir Timur to be the
governor of Multan (Punjab). Khizr Khan took the control over Delhi from Daulat
Khan Lodi20 on May 28, 1414 and founded the Sayyid dynasty.
The last sultanate of Delhi was Lodhi
Dynasty21 that was the last Afghan clan to rule the Delhi
Sultanate. The dynasty was founded by Bahlul Lodhi22 who ruled
from 1451 to 1526. The last monarch of this dynasty Ibrahim Lodhi23
was defeated and killed by Babur in the first Battle of Panipat on April 20,
1526 and the era of great Mughals was started. During the time of Lodhi Dynasty
in Delhi, the first Portuguese Armada under Vasco da Gama24
landed in India.
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